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1. Varun slapped me.
2. Neena talked to me.
3. Sam talked to us.
4. Nitin was playing with us.
Example 4 :
1. You have to follow my orders
2. This is my book
3. The fault was mine.
4. The purse is mine.
5. These are our orders.
6. The wicked man usurped our wealth.
7. This kingdom is ours.
PRONOUN
In this chapter, you will:
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Example 1:
1. This is Sita. She is five years old.
The pronoun "she" in the second sentence refers to "Sita"
(Noun). "She replaces "Sita" in the next sentence.
The people were in the park. They were talking.
"They" refers to the "people" (Noun).
TYPES OF PRONOUNS:
6. The possessive case is implied in a different way in case of inanimate objects.
Examples:
Examples:
When a singular noun and a plural noun are joined by "or/nor", a plural pronoun is used
👉Neither the teacher nor the students were present for the sessions.
I. "It is used:
👉Where is the book? It is on the table.
👉Where is the baby? It is in the cradle.
👉The door is open now. It was closed in the afternoon.
👉It is impossible to judge the situation.
("It is the provisional subject and "situation" is the actual subject.)
👉It is a lovely car.
• To indicate a noun/pronoun that comes after.
👉 It is not I who is mistaken.
It was a tavern where the king was found.
Example 8:
1. He was staring at Veena.
2. She was studying Vinit very carefully.
3. It was licking the plate.
4. It is a ridiculous idea.
5. They were staring at Veena.
6. They felt offended by the remark.
Example 9:
1. Sita called him inside.
2. Ramesh slapped her.
3. The people killed it.
4. The villagers saw it running away.
5. The villagers saw them running away.
6. Sam heard them howling in the forest.
Example 10:
1. This is his house..
2. This is her bag.
3. The forest is their home
4. Their elephants were tied to the tree.
5. The palace is his.
6. The garden is hers.
7. Its paw was injured.
8. Its body is striped.
9. The final word on the matter was theirs.
10.Swimming is a favourite hobby of theirs.
To be continue...👍
V. NOUN CASE
Nouns can be classified into five types of cases:
A. Nominative
B. Objective/ accusative
C. Possessive
D. Dative
E. Vocative
A. NOMINATIVE
When a noun acts as a subject of the verb, it is the nominative case. The nominative g before the verb and answers the question who or what.
Examples:
In the above example, who drew pictures?-Nancy. (Noun)
Drew is the verb and the noun Nancy is the subject of that verb. Since Nancy as a subject of drew (verb), Nancy is in the nominative case .
Castle is the subject of the verb disappeared. Thus, castle is in the nominative case
B. OBJECTIVE/ ACCUSATIVE
When a noun acts as the object of the verb, it is in the objective case. The objective comes after the verb and answers the questions "whom' or 'what".
Examples:
In joue of nons that are closely related to each other, the possessive case te formed by adding's only at the end of the last word
Examples
5. In case of nouns that are connected but display different possessions, 's is added at the end of each noun.
Examples
Example 5 :
1. You are responsible for the accident.
2. You are being sent to the prison.
3. You are irresponsible parents.
4. You are wonderful people.
Example 6:
1. Did Sanjay speak to you?
2. Sam loved you.
3. I congratulate all of you. (or) I congratulate you.
4 The company belongs to you.
Example 7 :
1. Is this your book?
2. Is this your place of work?
3. These are your toys.
4. This organisation is yours.
To be continue...👍
V. PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS
A. CHANGING SINGULAR NOUNS INTO PLURAL NOUNS:
1. Most nouns change from singular to plural when -s is added at the end.
Examples:
Exception:
Sometimes only an is added at the end of the noun like Roof-Roofs, Cliff-Cliffs, Belief-Beliefs, Cuff - Cuffs.
5. The plural for the compound nouns is formed when -s is added to the primary word.
Examples:
Exception:
Sometimes is added at the end of the compound noun to form a plural like crossroad-crossroads, firewall-firewalls, firecracker-firecrackers, wallpaper-wallpapers.
6. The plural is formed by changing the vowel or adding an -en at the end of the noun.
Examples:
7. Certain nouns have the same form for both singular and plural.
Examples:
b. Some nouns have only one meaning in the plural and more than one meaning in the singular
Examplex
In the first example, the singular of light means radiance but in the second example it meant lamp. In the third example, lights can only mean lamps.
c. Some nouns ausume completely different meanings in the singular and the plural form
Examples:
In the first example, air refers to atmosphere, while in the second example it refers to manners or behaviour.
Examples:
In the first example, force (singular) means strength, while in the second example (plural) it means military.
6. Collective nouns can assume the singular or the plural form according to the context.
a. A collective noun is a single entity made up of various members or units. When the individual units of the entity are referred to in the collection or they act as individuals and not as a group, the collective noun assumes a plural verb and pronoun.
Example:
Assembly is a collective noun, however since the sentence is referring to the individual members of the assembly, the plural form of the verb has been used.
b. When the individual units or members of the group (Collective noun) act unanimously, thenoun assumes a singular verb.
Examples:
The faculty was trying very hard to encourage the students.
(Collective noun and singular verb)
The organisation has planned to expand its operations abroad.
(Collective noun and singular verb) (Singular pronoun)
7. Nouns that are borrowed from foreign languages assume their original form.
Examples:
What are the criteria for judging the contestants?
The entry to the contest was based on only one criterion
Velum-Vela, Erratum - Errata, Madame-Mesdames, Genie-Genies, Appendix-Appendices are some other examples.
8. There is no plural form for abstract and material nouns. The only when they are used as common nouns.
Examples:
III NOUN GENDER
Nouns can be classified into four categories of gender:
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A. MASCULINE:
Words that indicate male people or animals are nouns belonging to the masculine gender.
Examples:
Other examples of masculine gender are:
Bull, tiger, sportsman, hero, king, monk, abbot, father, brother, husband, duke, etc.
Words or nouns that indicate qualities of vigour and violence are also considered nouns of masculine gender. For instance: sun, summer, death, winter, God.
B. FEMININE:
Words that indicate female people or animals are nouns belonging to the feminine gender.
Examples:
Other examples of feminine gender are:
Cow, tigress, sportswoman, heroine, queen, nun, abbess, mother, sister, wife, duchess, etc.
Words that indicate beauty, fragility, grace are also considered nouns of the feminine gender like moon and peace.
C. COMMON:
Words that indicate either male or female people are nouns belonging to the common gender.
Examples:
Other examples of common gender are
Teacher, enemy, server, cousin, parent, host, police officer, spokesperson, worker, person, etc.
D. NEUTRAL:
Words that indicate neither male nor female are nouns belonging to the neuter gender.
Examples:
Changing masculine nouns to feminine nouns in four ways:
1. When-ess is added at the end of a masculine nouns
Abbot-Abbess, Tiger-Tigress, Duke-Duchess, Lion-Lioness, Emperor-Empress
2. When a specific word is added either at the end or the beginning of the masculine noun.
Grandfather - Grandmother, Sportsman Sportswoman, Washerman - washerwoman, Milkman-Milkmaid, Baby girl-Baby boy, Landlord-Landlady.
3. When -a,-ix,-inc,-en is added at the end of the masculine noun.
Czar-Carina, Signor-Signora, Executor-Executrix
4. Using a word which is entirely different from the masculine noun.
boars- sows, boy-girl, dog-bitch, bull-cow, man-woman, husband-wife, brother sister, fox-vixen
To be continue...
Collective nouns are a certain set of nouns that define a group of people, animals or things The individual units of the group can be counted, but the entire group is considered as a single entity. For instance, family is a collective noun. A family comprises of different members like mother, father, grandparents children, aunt, uncle, etc. But all the members are also contained by a single word family
Collective nouns play an important role in the agreement of the verb with its subject.
Examples:
Collective nouns are names of groups that are usually made up of people.
Committee, audience, cabinet, class, faculty, majority, navy, team, society, school, jury. assembly, herd, firm, company, and public are some other examples.
👉REMEMBER:
Collective nouns are considered to be singular when used to refer to a single unit. However, they take a plural meaning when the individual members of that group are addressed.
D. ABSTRACT NOUNS:
An abstract noun is a word identifying a concept, idea or a quality which cannot be observed but can be felt.
Examples:
Abstract nouns are commonly derived from adjectives.
Examples:
B.COMMON NOUNS:
A common noun denotes all the things or persons belonging to the same set. It is a name can be common to all the units, things or members of a particular category. These names called common nouns.
Examples:
1. COUNT NOUNS:
Nouns that can be counted and defined as singular and plural are count nouns.
Examples:
Nouns that cannot be counted and do not have a plural form is mass nouns or uncount nouns. Mutton, space, money, water, and time are some examples of mass nouns. The nouns are considered in terms of quantity or mass and are therefore called mass nouns. These nouns are considered in terms of quantity or mass and are therefore called mass nouns.
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Concept |
gallantry, morality,
information, aptitude, patience |
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Activity |
homework, singing,
reading, fishing |
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Food |
bread, butter, cheese,
fish, milk |
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Gas |
air, helium, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, smoke |
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Liquid |
beer, coffee, petrol,
water, wine |
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Material |
cloth, concrete,
lumber, wood, metal |
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Item Category |
clothing, furniture,
luggage, money |
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Natural Phenomenon |
gravity, heat,
humidity, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder |
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Particles |
flour, grit, salt,
sugar |
B. USING SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
1. Some nouns do not have a singular form. They are always plural. They refer to things or instruments that have two parts fixed together and thus take a plural verb.
Examples:
Glasses, scissors, jeans, trousers, pyjamas, spectacles
2. Some plural nouns are used in the singular. They take a singular verb.
Examples:
Mathematics, Physics, police, cattle, news, machinery, vacation, information scenery, advice, poetry, data
3. Certain collective nouns are used in the plural form.
Examples:
Police, cattle, gentry, team
Exception:
The noun "people can be used both in the singular as well as plural. Only the plural form is used when it acts as a collective noun.
Examples:
Both the plural as well as the singular form is used when it acts as a common noun.
Examples
4. Some nouns assame different plural forms according to the context.
Examples:
5. Some nous assume different meanings in the singular and the plural context
a. Some nouns have one implication in singular and two in the plural.
Examples:
In the above examples, the first instance means a method, while in the second instance manner can mean behaviour as well as a method of conducting oneself.
INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'A' AND AN
F. A/an' is used in negative expressions and after prepositions.
