Chapter -1 Part -2 Noun and it's Impact (COMMOM NOUN)

 

B.COMMON NOUNS:

A common noun denotes all the things or persons belonging to the same set. It is a name can be common to all the units, things or members of a particular category. These names called common nouns.

Examples:

• The king and the queen live in the palace.
•  The students left the school
• The beggar stood near the temple.

1. COUNT NOUNS:

Nouns that can be counted and defined as singular and plural are count nouns.

Examples:

•  Do you own a car?
•  I own five cars. 
• The cottage looks pretty in winter.
• All the cottages look pretty in summer.

 2. MASS NOUNS OR UNCOUNT NOUNS:

Nouns that cannot be counted and do not have a plural form is mass nouns or uncount nouns. Mutton, space, money, water, and time are some examples of mass nouns. The nouns are considered in terms of quantity or mass and are therefore called mass nouns. These nouns are considered in terms of quantity or mass and are therefore called mass nouns.

Concept	gallantry, morality, information, aptitude, patience
Activity	homework, singing, reading, fishing
Food	bread, butter, cheese, fish, milk
Gas	air, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, smoke
Liquid	beer, coffee, petrol, water, wine
Material	cloth, concrete, lumber, wood, metal
Item Category	clothing, furniture, luggage, money
Natural Phenomenon	gravity, heat, humidity, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder
Particles	flour, grit, salt, sugar

B. (Part - 6) USING SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

 

B. USING SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

1. Some nouns do not have a singular form. They are always plural. They refer to things or instruments that have two parts fixed together and thus take a plural verb.

Examples:

 Glasses, scissors, jeans, trousers, pyjamas, spectacles 

2. Some plural nouns are used in the singular. They take a singular verb.

Examples: 

Mathematics, Physics, police, cattle, news, machinery, vacation, information scenery, advice, poetry, data

3. Certain collective nouns are used in the plural form.

Examples: 

Police, cattle, gentry, team

• The cattle are always in the fields. 
• The police have succeeded in nabbing the thief.

Exception: 

The noun "people can be used both in the singular as well as plural. Only the plural form is used when it acts as a collective noun.

Examples:

• The people of India are very sensitive.
• The people were outraged at the ruling

Both the plural as well as the singular form is used when it acts as a common noun.

Examples

• The native peoples of America are called the Red Indians.
• The young people of the country are very enthusiastic.

4. Some nouns assame different plural forms according to the context.

Examples:

• index-indices and ideas
• die dies and dice
• brother-brethres and brothers

5. Some nous assume different meanings in the singular and the plural context

 a. Some nouns have one implication in singular and two in the plural.

Examples:

• The invasion took place in this manner. 
• He did not seem to have any manners.

In the above examples, the first instance means a method, while in the second instance manner can mean behaviour as well as a method of conducting oneself.

                                                                         To be continue...

Chapter -1/ Part-1 Definition of NOUN and it's Impacts ( PROPER NOUN)

In this chapter, you will:

How to Learn Basic Rules of INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'A' AND AN ( Part - 2)

 

INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'A' AND AN

F. A/an' is used in negative expressions and after prepositions.

Examples:

• Wear your coat. I do not have a coat,
• Do not step out of the house without a guard.

G. A/an' is used to refer to the types of jobs people do, or how to make use of things.

Examples:

• I am a doctor.
• He is a teacher.
• I used my doll as a model.

IV. EXCEPTIONS

Articles are not used in certain cases.

A. There are no articles when a possessive 's' is used before nouns.

Examples:

• Correct: This is Rita's car.
• Incorrect: This is the Rita's car/ This is Rita's the car. 

However in certain cases, a possessive noun can have an article.

Example: The general's wife was in the house. 

B. When a noun modifies a noun, the first noun does not have an article.

 Examples:

• Correct: I want you to give him piano lessons.
• Incorrect: I want you to give him the piano lessons. 

• Correct: There are blackheads on your face.
• Incorrect: There are the blackheads on your face.

C. The' is not used after "both"

Examples:

•  Correct: Both men were good wrestlers.
•  Incorrect: Both the men were good wrestlers.

D. "The' is not used between 'all' and a number

Examples:

• Correct: All seven dwarfs met Snow White in the garden.
• Incorrect: All the seven dwarfs met Snow White in the garden.

E. "The' is not used after 'all' in expressions like all day, all week, all month, all year

      summer and all winter.

Examples:

• Correct: He had been away all winter. 
• Incorrect: He had been away all the winter.

• Correct: I have not seen Judy all day. 
• Incorrect: I have not seen Judy all the day.

 F. The' is not used when the day before or after a day is spoken about.

Examples:

• Correct: What are your plans next September? 
• Incorrect: What are your plans the next September?

• Correct: Where were you last Friday? 
• Incorrect: Where were you the last Friday?

• Correct: I will meet you on Sunday. 
• Incorrect: I will meet you on the Sunday.

While referring to seasons, you can choose whether to use an article or not.

Examples:

• Correct: The valleys in Kashmir look beautiful in (the) winter.
• Correct: I love (the) summer.

G. Titles do not have articles.

Examples:

• Correct: King Alexander rode on his horse. 
• Incorrect: The King Alexander road on his horse.

• Correct: I was summoned by President Lincoln.
• Incorrect: I was summoned by the President Lincoln. 

• Correct: I was lucky to meet Queen Elizabeth.
• Incorrect: I was lucky to meet the Queen Elizabeth.

H. The complement of a sentence does not have an article 'the when a position gained by someone is indicated.

Examples:

• Correct: I was appointed Head of Science Department in 1906.
• Incorrect: I was appointed the Head of Science Department in 1906.

• Correct: He was elected Prime Minister in 1993.
• Incorrect: He was elected the Prime Minister in 1993. 

1. The' is not used to talk about a person's body parts or his possessions.

Examples:

• Correct: He nodded his head in agreement.
• Incorrect: He nodded the head in agreement.

• Correct: Have you broken your arm? 
• Incorrect: Have you broken the arm?

"The' is used to talk about body parts if it comes after prepositions.

Examples:

• Correct: I was shot in the arm. 
• Correct: He hit me on the nose.
• Correct: I was injured above the eye.

J. Articles are not used in abbreviated formats.

Examples:

• Headings: Introduction Chapter three Section A 
• Newspaper headlines: TATA LAUNCHES NEW PLAN
• Picture captions: Root and Stem
• Dictionary entries; Head- part of the body.
• Labelling and numbering: Turn to page 30.
• Enter through Gate A.

K. A/an' is not used after expressions like kind of, type of, sort of etc.

Examples:

• Correct: What kind of man is he?
• Incorrect: What kind of a man is he?

• Correct: Can you show me a cheaper sort of lamp?
• Incorrect: Can you show me a cheaper sort of a lamp?

• Correct: A wide range of fabric is available in this store. 
• Incorrect: A wide range of a fabric is available in this store.

L. 'Man' and 'woman' can be used with or without an article. 

Examples:

• Correct: Man and woman were created by God.
• Correct: A man is incomplete without a woman.
• Correct: Men and women are considered equal today. 

from: 

Prof. Vinita saxena

saxenavinita02@gmail.com

How to Learn Basic Rules of INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'A' AND AN (Part - 1)

 

INDEFINITE ARTICLES 'A' AND AN

A. 'A/an' is used before singular countable nouns and exclamations containing singular countable nouns.

Examples: 

A dog, a plant, an elephant, an airplane, etc.

B. Before a vowel, 'an' is used instead of 'a'.

 Examples: 

An elephant, an umbrella, an idea, an ox, an alligator.

C. 'A' is used before vowels which have a consonant sound.

Examples:

 A university, a one-man army.

👉REMEMBER:

The vowel 'u' has two sounds - Europe, Union (sounds like 'yoo").

In this case 'a' will be the preceding article- a European girl, a union leader.

The second sound is - Usher, Umbrella (sounds like 'uh').

In this case 'an' will precede the noun-an usher, an umbrella.

D. 'An' is used before consonants which have a vowel sound.

Examples: 

• An hour, an MP, an honest man.

E. 'A/an' can be used in several cases.

1. One thing or person

Examples:

• A car was parked near my house.
• My sister's husband is a doctor. 
•  I lived in an old house.

2. One unit/member of a particular class

Examples:

• A doctor cures people.
• Show me an old house.
• A car can be used for various purposes.

3. Defining and classifying

Examples:

• I am a teacher.
• She will soon become a mother. 
•  A cube has six sides..
• You cannot have an elephant as your pet.

4. In descriptions

Examples:

• She is a sweet girl.
• It was a warm day.
• It is an extremely cold night. 
• He is a well mannered boy.

                                  

                                                                                         To be continued... 

from:

Vinita Saxena

saxenavinita02@gmail.com

How to remember an Articles: "THE"

 

In this chapter, you will:

 Define an article:"THE"

Job Made Easy: How to recall Parts of Speech

   

In this chapter, you will:  

Learn to identify the parts of speech

Words are distributed into parts of speech according to their function in a sentence. There are eight parts of speech, defined as follows:

I.NOUNS

A noun refers to the name of place, person, thing, animal or any abstract concept. Nouns are words that tell what or who are being spoken about. Nouns are identifying names or words. They identify places, persons and things

Examples:

• The sentence is divided into two parts.
• The balloon is red.
• The crow sits on a branch.
• The taxes that people are paying are astronomical.

II. PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

Examples:

• This is Sita. She is five years old.

The pronoun "she" in the second sentence refers to Sita (Noun). "She" replaces next sentence.

•  The people were in the park. They were talking.
• "They" refers to the people (Noun). 

III. VERBS

A verb is a word that describes the state of a person or what action is taking place.

Examples:

•  Children play in the park. 
• The picture was painted.
• I am a salesman.
• The milk is boiling
•  My friend has a motorbike.

Here the words play, was painted, am, is boiling and has indicate the state of the persons or things or the actions performed by them. They are verbs.

IV. ADJECTIVES

A word that describes and qualifies a noun is an adjective. An adjective gives information about the noun.

Examples:

• Rabindranath Tagore is a famous poet.
• India and China are the largest markets for foreign products.
• Cashmere shawls are not available in this shop

V. ADVERBS

 A word that describes the verb is called an adverb. An adverb indicates how an act performed. It also indicates the location and time of a specific action. An adverb mode phrase, adjective verb and another adverb.

 Examples:

•  Ramesh looked at me doubtfully
•  The luggage was quite heavy
•  I am very tired
•  Mahesh looks rather sad. 

An adverb appears at the beginning of the sentence, if it modifies an entire sentence

 Example:

 Surprisingly, the witness did not reach the court.

 VI. PREPOSITIONS

 A preposition normally goes before a noun or a pronoun. It shows the relation or position of person or a thing that it signifies, to some other thing. A preposition connects a noun or a pronoun with the rest of the sentence.

 Examples:

•  I was in the classroom yesterday.
•  My sister is fond of pets.
•  Look for the coin under the carpet.
•  I found this poster stuck behind the chair. 
• The young man jumped off the balcony.

 VII. CONJUNCTIONS

 A word that connects two words, phrases or sentences is called a conjunction.

 Examples:

•  I see the moon and the moon sees me.
•  Mr. Sinha and Mr. Singh are good friends.
•  At the end of the day we were tired but happy. 
• Turn the heat down or it'll burn.

 VIII. INTERJECTIONS

 An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase that is spoken suddenly to convey emotion. An interjection is added to a sentence and does not relate grammatically to any part of the sentence.

 Examples:

•  Oh! This is a lovely picture.
•  Wow! It is a wonderful place.

FROM: 

Prof. Vinita Saxena

saxenavinita02@gmail.com